In this chapter, I review recent work on neuroscientifi c threats to free will. What is it for something to threaten free will? Consider, fi rst, an apparent threat. You are walking in the dark, and a shadow looms in the distance. It certainly appears threatening, but you are not sure. What do you do? You consider the source of the threat (the thing casting the shadow, and you attempt to discov…
Human beings need to breathe oxygen diluted in certain quantity of inert gas for living. In the atmosphere, there is a gas mixture of, mainly, oxygen and nitrogen, in appropriate proportions. However, the air also contains other gases, vapours and aerosols that humans incorporate when breathing and whose composition and concentration vary spatially. Some of these are physiologically inert. Air …
Pollution of the air by pollutants such as dust, smoke, gas, and water vapor causes serious health problems for people. Air pollution is considered one of the most important human health risks today. It can cause short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) diseases in the respiratory tract, heart, eyes, skin, and reproductive and nervous systems. This book highlights the importance of clean air …
Plastics are crucial materials that are used in daily life. They are manufactured and used until they become waste that negatively impacts the environment and public health. These plastic wastes break down into small particles known as microplastics (MPs) via changes in environmental conditions (i.e., sunlight, temperature, weathering, and irradiation). This reduction in size increases the toxi…