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Stepped-Frequency Radar Sensors
Stepped-frequency radar sensors are attractive for various surface and subsurface
sensing applications. Stepped-frequency systems transmit consecutive trains of
continuous-wave signals at different frequencies that are separated by a fixed
amount. The unique characteristic of stepped-frequency systems is, although they
work as frequency-based systems, their final response is described in a time-domain
quantity, namely “synthetic pulse,” which contains the information about targets.
This unique “synthetic pulse” product enables stepped-frequency radar sensors to
have some of the advantages of impulse-based ultra-wideband (UWB) systems,
which operate completely in the time domain, such as ease in identification and
characterization of adjacent targets. Specifically, stepped-frequency radar sensors
have several major advantages. First, they have a very narrow instantaneous
bandwidth at each frequency, resulting in less receiver’s noise figure and hence
increased sensitivity and dynamic range. Second, their absolute RF operating
bandwidth, on the other hand, can be very wide, leading to fine range resolution.
Third, they can transmit high average power enabling long range or deep penetration. Fourth, it is possible to properly shape the transmitted spectrum by transmitting constituent signals with certain amplitudes and phases, helping improve the
system’s performance and possibly compensate for inevitable effects due to system’s imperfection and operating environment. Stepped-frequency radar sensors
find numerous applications for military, security, civilian, commerce, medicine, and
healthcare
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