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A Circular Built Environment in the Digital Age
              Building information modelling (BIM) has ushered in the era of symbolic 
building representation: building elements and spaces are described not by graphical 
elements but by discrete symbols, each with properties and relations that explicitly 
integrate all information. Digital twinning promises even more: a digital replica in 
complete sync with the building and its behaviour. Such technologies have obvious 
appeal for circularity because they accommodate the rich information it requires and 
link circularity goals to other activities in AECO (architecture, engineering, construction and operation of buildings). 
Present implementations of BIM may fall short of the promise, and digital 
twinning may be hard to achieve, but they remain crucial not only for circularity 
but for all AECO disciplines. To realise the potential of such representations, 
information should be treated not as a product of integration but as the integrator 
of all activities. Similarly, digitalisation should be at the core of business models and 
deployment plans, not an additional or even optional layer at a high cost. This calls 
for a coherent approach that includes the full capture of building information, 
supports the detailed exploration of circular operations, uses the results to constrain 
decisions and actions and does so throughout the life cycle.            
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