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A Primer on Memory Consistency and Cache Coherence, Second Edition
Many modern computer systems, including homogeneous and heterogeneous architectures,
support shared memory in hardware. In a shared memory system, each of the processor cores
may read and write to a single shared address space. For a shared memory machine, the memory
consistency model defines the architecturally visible behavior of its memory system. Consistency
definitions provide rules about loads and stores (or memory reads and writes) and how they act
upon memory. As part of supporting a memory consistency model, many machines also provide
cache coherence protocols that ensure that multiple cached copies of data are kept up-to-date.
The goal of this primer is to provide readers with a basic understanding of consistency and coherence. This understanding includes both the issues that must be solved as well as a variety
of solutions. We present both high-level concepts as well as specific, concrete examples from
real-world systems
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