For many Americans the term “patent” is linked to a sense of tradition and cultural icons such as Thomas Edison, inventor of the operational incandescent light bulb. The very image of the light bulb itself has become a symbol for invention or a good idea.¹ Another commonly held notion is that a patent guarantees an individual protection from having his or her idea stolen by unscrupulous co…
Menjelaskan bagaimana fase pra dan pasca desain ditangkap dan dimodelkan, Mengilustrasikan hubungan antara sains & teknologi dan budaya dalam perspektif desain yang luas. Banyak negara telah berhasil mengembangkan masyarakat berteknologi tinggi. Namun, masih ada beberapa masalah utama yang tidak dapat dijelaskan dalam kerangka penelitian atau metodologi desain konvensional. Dengan kata lain, ad…
In a recent patent infringement case between Servier and Apotex, courts in the UK were asked to look into the validity of a pharmaceutical patent that claimed a particular crystalline form of a compound called perindopril. Perindopril is a pharmaceutical compound essentially used to treat hypertension. Its preparation and use had been disclosed in a prior patent. The patent in the referred …
“Inventions, their exploitation, and the related prior art being inherently scientific and technical in nature, have a proclivity for recordation of information directed to their development, particulars of construction, modification, and application in documents.”¹ In fact, documents, tangible items and processes embody the most vital evidence available for proving patent validity and inf…
Sejak awal abad ini, perubahan iklim telah menjadi topik pembahasan di berbagai bidang. Sejalan dengan itu, topik tersebut menjadi penting di bidang sumber daya air dan pertanian. Iklim dengan berbagai variabel pentingnya, yaitu variabel klimatologi, berdampak langsung atau tidak langsung terhadap produksi pertanian. Ada kebutuhan untuk mempelajari pengaruh variabel klimatologi dan dominasinya …
The greatest possible freedom’ is a formula which originated in the very first preliminary ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union in social security, the judgment inHoekstra, 1964. Ever since then, the Court has regularly relied on this formula, most recently inDumont, 2013. The evolution and the power of formulas like ‘the greatest possible freedom’ are the topic of this bo…
Pertama, siapa audiens yang dituju? Saya pikir saya berbicara kepada orang-orang yang merupakan peneliti aktif di beberapa bidang matematika atau fisika atau sedang mempersiapkan diri untuk itu. Juga, mereka bukan ahli dalam topik judul dan ingin mempelajari sesuatu tentangnya. Sebagai saya sendiri yang bukan ahli, saya merasa memenuhi syarat untuk mengetahui apa yang perlu diketahui oleh non-a…
Whether it is a question of the age below which a child cannot be held liable for their actions, or the attribution of responsibility to defendants with mental illnesses, mental incapacity is a central concern for legal actors, policy makers, and legislators when it comes to crime and justice. Understanding the terrain of mental incapacity in criminal law is notoriously difficult; it involves t…
(1). Menyediakan jalur yang relatif cepat ke topik khusus dalam geometri diferensial: kumpulan utama, yang propertinya kemudian dijelaskan secara mendetail (2). Menyajikan ide-ide geometris modern yang penting dalam bentuk yang dapat diakses oleh mahasiswa dan peneliti di bidang lain. (3). Tidak ada pengetahuan sebelumnya tentang geometri diferensial yang diasumsikan. Matematikawan harus menyad…
Thomas Bewick (1753–1828) began his career as an apprentice to the engraver and businessman Ralph Beilby (1743–1817). Having entered into a partnership and illustrated more than eighty small books for children, they decided to work together on this natural history, with Beilby drafting the descriptions and Bewick providing wood engravings and textual revisions. It was first published in 179…