Human beings need to breathe oxygen diluted in certain quantity of inert gas for living. In the atmosphere, there is a gas mixture of, mainly, oxygen and nitrogen, in appropriate proportions. However, the air also contains other gases, vapours and aerosols that humans incorporate when breathing and whose composition and concentration vary spatially. Some of these are physiologically inert. Air …
Academic interest in what constitutes a profession and the process of professionalization has a long history often traced back to what became known as The Flexner Report (1910) which focused on medical education in the USA and Canada. In 1915, Flexner went on to propose six criteria that could be used to distinguish professions from other occupations (Flexner, 1915)
Libraries and research institutions around the world hold countless manuscripts and early printed books.1 Some of the most prestigious and beautiful reading rooms are dedicated to these rare materials. Even smaller institutions often have their own division and sometimes a separate reading room or area for these holdings
I have incurred a great number of debts in the process of writing this book. First of all, many thanks are due to Margaret Mitchell, who was my advisor and chair of the committee that accepted an earlier, rather different version of this study as a doctoral dissertation at the University of Chicago in 2015. If this monograph exhibits any scholarly virtues at all, it is largely to her credit
When describing the legal systems and laws of today’s Muslim-majority states in the Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) region, scholarship on Islamic law has identified two categories of laws: one derived from Islamic law, which includes contemporary personal status laws, and the other derived from non-Islamic law of primarily European origin, referring to all other legal fields.
By using the term ‘ethics’ I refer to the philosophical reflection that subjects human behaviour to normative and evaluative assessments94 and elaborates criteria for the evaluation of moral behaviour.95 In other words, I shall consider ethics to be a discipline that conducts a methodical reflection of morality,96 aiming at the development and justification of criteria to be adopted in…