Arteriovenous fistulas are shunts between arteries and veins that can be found in many organs of the human body such as the brain, skin, eye and lung. These lesions can be symptomatic by causing ischemia, through the process of the steal phenomenon, or vascular congestion and subsequent hemorrhage, eg. intracerebral hemorrhage of a ruptured dural arteriovenous fistula. The etiology of these les…
This book provides an overview of pulmonary hypertensive diseases, the current understanding of their pathobiology, and a contemporary approach to diagnosis and treatment. It discusses the definition and classification of these disorders and the epidemiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); explores the approach to diagnosis and evaluation via methods such as echocardiography, right he…