It is indicated that the sealing capacity depends on the contact characteristics—the relative contact area and the gap density in the joint. To determine the contact characteristics, a discrete roughness model is used in the form of a set of spherical segments, the distribution of which in height is related to the bearing curve described by the regularized beta function
For rock engineering projects, the cutting and fragmenting of rocks has attracted much attention. Exploring the fracture characteristics of rocks is helpful in achieving efficient and sustainable excavation for mining and tunneling engineering. The fracture toughness of rocks is a crucial mechanical indicator that weighs the initiation and extension of cracks during the breaking process.…