Photosynthetic eukaryotic cells arose more than a billion years ago through the engulfment of a cyanobacterium that was then converted into a chloroplast, enabling plants to perform photosynthesis. Since this event, chloroplast DNA has been massively transferred to the nucleus, sometimes leading to the creation of novel genes, exons, and regulatory elements. In addition to these evolutionary no…
In the past three decades, a stream of criminological inquiry has emerged which explores, measures, and theorizes crimes and harms to the environment at the micro-, mezzo-, and macro-levels. This “green criminology”, as it has come to be known, has widened the criminological gaze to consider crimes and harms committed against air, land (from forests to wetlands), nonhuman animals, and water…
Hubungan simbiosis antara tanaman dan mikroba, yang sering disebut sebagai simbiosis tanaman-mikroba, merupakan aspek mendasar dari biologi tanaman dan memiliki banyak aspek terapan di berbagai bidang. Hubungan ini dapat memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap kesehatan tanaman, pertumbuhan, dan dinamika ekosistem secara keseluruhan. Mikroorganisme yang berasosiasi dengan tanaman (PAM) memain…