Penyakit kardiovaskular merupakan penyebab utama kematian dan kecacatan pada penderita diabetes melitus, dengan risiko kejadian 2–4 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan populasi umum. Hubungan erat antara keduanya berakar dari mekanisme patofisiologi bersama berupa resistensi insulin, hiperglikemia kronis, dislipidemia, peradangan, stres oksidatif, dan disfungsi endotel. Tinjauan ini menelusuri per…
Not only developed countries, but also most developing areas of the world, have experienced a surge in obesity prevalence over recent decades. Obesity complications are now among the leading causes of premature mortality, encompassing conditions such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. This places a heavy burden on contemporary healthcare systems. While rodent models have li…