Traditional breeding resulted from 10 000 years in the domestication syndrome, which is a genetic erosion over time causing a drastic reduction in the variability available for breeding in recent decades (Ahmar et al., 2020; Meyer et al., 2012). Genetic diversity is nevertheless necessary for the creation of new varieties adapted to the changing needs of agricultural production: adaptation …
Unlike the many targets considered for the detection or identification of molecules (e.g. aflatoxin) or pathogens, GMOs are a highly political–technical– scientific issue.
In 2018 the Court of Justice of the European Union recalled that organisms with genomes modified by artifactual techniques should be considered GMOs under European regulations. GMOs derived from cultures of cells isolated in vitro or from new genomic techniques must therefore be traceable. This chapter reviews the various technical steps and characteristics of those techniques causing genomic a…
Transgenic GMOs were welcomed in the 1990s due to the difficulties distinguishing genetic and epigenetic modifications from random mutagenesis and their ability to insert new nucleic sequences more rapidly but still randomly. Their marketing in Europe has been accompanied by health and environmental risk assessments, specific monitoring and traceability procedures to preserve the free choice of…