A gel is a state of matter that consists of a three-dimensional cross-linked polymer network and a large amount of solvent. Because of their structural characteristics, gels play important roles in science and technology. The science of gels has attracted much attention since the discovery of the volume phase transition by Professor Toyoichi Tanala at MIT in 1978. MDPI planned to publish a Spec…
Crystal growth is the key step of a great number of very important applications. The development of new devices and products, from the traditional microelectronic industry to pharmaceutical industry and many others, depends on crystallization processes. The objective of this book is not to cover all areas of crystal growth but just present, as specified in the title, important selected topics, …
This book introduces a number of selected advanced topics in mass transfer phenomenon and covers its theoretical, numerical, modeling and experimental aspects. The 26 chapters of this book are divided into five parts. The first is devoted to the study of some problems of mass transfer in microchannels, turbulence, waves and plasma, while chapters regarding mass transfer with hydro-, magnetohydr…
This paper comprehensively reviews the spiral dynamics optimization (SDO) algorithm and investigates its characteristics. SDO algorithm is one of the most straightforward physics-based optimization algorithms and is successfully applied in various broad fields
The chapter is intended to provide the reader with means to reduce low‐frequency noise in Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor Field‐Effect‐Transistor (MOSFET). It is demonstrated that low‐resistivity source and drain electrodes can greatly lower the low‐frequency noise level by suppressing their contribution to the total noise
In neuroscience, a defining but elusive question regarding the human brain is its astonishingly structural and functional complexity. This complexity arises from the interaction of numerous neuronal circuits that operate over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales, enabling the brain to adapt to the constantly changing environment and to perform various high-level mental functions. Suc…
"This new and expanded edition is intended to help candidates prepare for entrance examinations in mathematics and scientific subjects, including STEP (Sixth Term Examination Paper). STEP is an examination used by Cambridge Colleges for conditional offers in mathematics. They are also used by some other UK universities and many mathematics departments recommend that their applicants practice on…
"This new and expanded edition is intended to help candidates prepare for entrance examinations in mathematics and scientific subjects, including STEP (Sixth Term Examination Paper). STEP is an examination used by Cambridge Colleges for conditional offers in mathematics. They are also used by some other UK universities and many mathematics departments recommend that their applicants practice on…
Missing data is a common occurrence in the time series domain, for instance due to faulty sensors, server downtime or patients not attending their scheduled appointments. One of the best methods to impute these missing values is Multiple Imputations by Chained Equations (MICE) which has the drawback that it can only model linear relationships among the variables in a multivariate time series
Neural networks are increasingly being used in the field of dentistry. The aim of this literature review was to visualize the state of the art of artificial intelligence in dental applications, such as the detection of teeth, caries, filled teeth, crown, prosthesis, dental implants and endodontic treatment